Weston said he has no worries about the lofts being leased quickly and has also started to reach out to parties who expressed interest three years ago prior to the Sept. 23, 2009 fire that gutted the entire building.
4m Fine Fire 14000
Pacific Gas and Electric agreed to plead guilty to 84 counts of involuntary manslaughter and one count of unlawfully causing a fire in a settlement reached with the Butte County, Calif., district attorney, resolving all state charges related to the 2018 Camp Fire that killed more than 80 and destroyed nearly 14,000 homes.
The utility on March 20 filed its latest plan to emerge from bankruptcy, which includes provisions that would allow it to participate in the statewide wildfire fund to pay for liability in connection with wildfires occurring after July 19, 2019.
PG&E says it has implemented a safety-based approach to reducing wildfires since the Camp Fire, which includes placing distribution lines underground in Paradise and in other areas affected by the 2018 fire. The company has spent $100 million rebuilding the electric and gas infrastructure in Paradise and the area surrounding it.
The utility is reducing the need for public safety power shutoffs during wildfires by encouraging customers to add solar panels and planning microgrids and distributed generation for those areas most affected.
Utility spokesman Paul Doherty says PG&E is reducing the need for public safety power shutoffs during wildfires by encouraging customers to add solar panels and it was planning to add permanent distributed generation and microgrids by the fall for those areas most affected.
But it recently pivoted toward supplying temporary generation for the 2020 wildfire season, he says, adding that customers in the region were opposed to permanent distributed generation using diesel fuel and land needed was not available.
WHEN an earthquake of 7.1 magnitude struck Christchurch, New Zealand's second-largest city, in the early hours of September 4th, a long-held national nightmare came true. Citizens have long worried that one of the country's few cities will be devastated by a tremblor. Positioned as it is at the southern end of the Pacific "ring of fire", and at the convergence of the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates, New Zealand is a pretty seismic place. Earthquakes are frequent (around 14,000 a year, in fact) but they are usually quite small. And a sparse human population, just 4m, means severe damage and loss of life are rare: not since 1931 has a quake there killed significant numbers.
Please don't answer A (for it will make Newton roll over in his grave and he's getting quite tired of that). Perhaps you've heard that "for every action, there is an equal and opposite ...". Choice B is invalid; speed is not something that becomes concentrated or squeezed into an object. Choice D is invalid; ask anyone who's fired a rifle if the rifle is set into motion by the firing of the bullet. (Of course, since it is set in motion, its momentum is not unchanged.) Because of the large mass of the rifle, the acceleration and the recoil speed of the rifle is small.
Pottery is the process and the products of forming vessels and other objects with clay and other raw materials, which are fired at high temperatures to give them a hard and durable form. Major types include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. The place where such wares are made by a potter is also called a pottery (plural "potteries"). The definition of pottery, used by the ASTM International, is "all fired ceramic wares that contain clay when formed, except technical, structural, and refractory products".[1] In art history and archaeology, especially of ancient and prehistoric periods, "pottery" often means vessels only, and sculpted figurines of the same material are called "terracottas".
Pottery is traditionally divided into three types: earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. All three may be glazed and unglazed. All may also be decorated by various techniques. In many examples the group a piece belongs to is immediately visually apparent, but this is not always the case; for example fritware uses no or little clay, so falls outside these groups. Historic pottery of all these types is often grouped as either "fine" wares, relatively expensive and well-made, and following the aesthetic taste of the culture concerned, or alternatively "coarse", "popular", "folk" or "village" wares, mostly undecorated, or simply so, and often less well-made.
The earliest forms of pottery were made from clays that were fired at low temperatures, initially in pit-fires or in open bonfires. They were hand formed and undecorated. Earthenware can be fired as low as 600 C, and is normally fired below 1200 C.[8] Because unglazed biscuit earthenware is porous, it has limited utility for the storage of liquids or as tableware. However, earthenware has had a continuous history from the Neolithic period to today. It can be made from a wide variety of clays, some of which fire to a buff, brown or black colour, with iron in the constituent minerals resulting in a reddish-brown. Reddish coloured varieties are called terracotta, especially when unglazed or used for sculpture. The development of ceramic glaze made impermeable pottery possible, improving the popularity and practicality of pottery vessels. The addition of decoration has evolved throughout its history.
Stoneware is pottery that has been fired in a kiln at a relatively high temperature, from about 1,100 C to 1,200 C, and is stronger and non-porous to liquids.[9] The Chinese, who developed stoneware very early on, classify this together with porcelain as high-fired wares. In contrast, stoneware could only be produced in Europe from the late Middle Ages, as European kilns were less efficient, and the right type of clay less common. It remained a speciality of Germany until the Renaissance.[10]
Stoneware is very tough and practical, and much of it has always been utilitarian, for the kitchen or storage rather than the table. But "fine" stoneware has been important in China, Japan and the West, and continues to be made. Many utilitarian types have also come to be appreciated as art.
Chronologies based on pottery are often essential for dating non-literate cultures and are often of help in the dating of historic cultures as well. Trace-element analysis, mostly by neutron activation, allows the sources of clay to be accurately identified and the thermoluminescence test can be used to provide an estimate of the date of last firing. Examining fired pottery shards from prehistory, scientists learned that during high-temperature firing, iron materials in clay record the exact state of the Earth's magnetic field at that exact moment.
Body (or clay body) is a term for the main pottery form of a piece, underneath any glaze or decoration. The main ingredient of the body is clay. There are several materials that are referred to as clay. The properties which make them different include:Plasticity, the malleability of the body; the extent to which they will absorb water after firing; and shrinkage, the extent of reduction in size of a body as water is removed. Different clay bodies also differ in the way in which they respond when fired in the kiln. A clay body can be decorated before or after firing. Prior to some shaping processes, clay must be prepared. Each of these different clays is composed of different types and amounts of minerals that determine the characteristics of resulting pottery. There can be regional variations in the properties of raw materials used for the production of pottery, and these can lead to wares that are unique in character to a locality. It is common for clays and other materials to be mixed to produce clay bodies suited to specific purposes. A common component of clay bodies is the mineral kaolinite. Other minerals in the clay, such as feldspar, act as fluxes which lower the vitrification temperature of bodies. Following is a list of different types of clay used for pottery.[13]
Firing produces permanent and irreversible changes in the body. It is only after firing that the article or material is pottery. In lower-fired pottery, the changes include sintering, the fusing together of coarser particles in the body at their points of contact with each other. In the case of porcelain, where different materials and higher firing-temperatures are used, the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the constituents in the body are greatly altered. In all cases, the reason for firing is to permanently harden the wares and the firing regime must be appropriate to the materials used to make them. As a rough guide, modern earthenwares are normally fired at temperatures in the range of about 1,000C (1,830 F) to 1,200 C (2,190 F); stonewares at between about 1,100 C (2,010 F) to 1,300 C (2,370 F); and porcelains at between about 1,200 C (2,190 F) to 1,400 C (2,550 F). Historically, reaching high temperatures was a long-lasting challenge, and earthenware can be fired effectively as low as 600C, achievable in primitive pit firing.
The atmosphere within a kiln during firing can affect the appearance of the finished wares. An oxidising atmosphere, produced by allowing an excess of air in the kiln, can cause the oxidation of clays and glazes. A reducing atmosphere, produced by limiting the flow of air into the kiln, or burning coal rather than wood, can strip oxygen from the surface of clays and glazes. This can affect the appearance of the wares being fired and, for example, some glazes containing iron-rich minerals fire brown in an oxidising atmosphere, but green in a reducing atmosphere. The atmosphere within a kiln can be adjusted to influence the appearance of both the body and glaze.
Kilns may be heated by burning combustible materials, such as wood, coal and gas, or by electricity. The use of microwave energy has been investigated.[26] When used as fuels, coal and wood can introduce smoke, soot and ash into the kiln which can affect the appearance of unprotected wares. For this reason, wares fired in wood- or coal-fired kilns are often placed in the kiln in saggars, ceramic boxes, to protect them. Modern kilns powered by gas or electricity are cleaner and more easily controlled than older wood- or coal-fired kilns and often allow shorter firing times to be used. 2ff7e9595c
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